Hearing device with embedded channnel

ABSTRACT

A hearing device having at least one of an acoustical/electrical converter and an electrical/acoustical converter respectively with an acoustical input or output. The input or output, as the case may be, is linked to a coupling opening at the outer surface of the device via a channel. At least a part of the outer surface of the device is formed by a one-part shell. The shell defines an inner space of the device, with the channel being provided within and along the part of the shell and being formed within the material of the shell.

This invention relates to an custom-moulded ear-plug device incorporating at least one acousto-electric converter and/or at least one electro-acoustic converter, each with an acoustic input or, respectively, output, said input or output being connected by way of an acoustic conductor to a coupling port on the outer surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug shell.

In custom-moulded ear-plug devices of the type mentioned, and especially hearing aids, whether in-ear or outer-ear hearing aids, it is common practice to connect the acoustic inputs to acousto-electric input converters or microphones and/or to connect the acoustic outputs from electro-acoustic output converters or speakers, via acoustic conductor elements for instance in the form of small tubes, to coupling ports on the outer surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug shell, unless these inputs or outputs are situated directly in the surface region of the shell in question. There are certain disadvantageous aspects to this approach:

The geometric position and orientation of the coupling port on the outer surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug shell relative to the input converters is primarily dictated by the desired acoustic reception characteristics. The distance and the location of such coupling ports within the configuration of the custom-moulded ear-plug device such as a hearing aid are co-determinators of the acoustic reception characteristics. Similarly, the location of a coupling port on the output side of an output converter is determined, inter alia, by the relative position of the custom-moulded ear-plug device in the ear canal, and of the tympanic membrane or ear drum.

In the case of an outer-ear hearing aid in which for instance an additional tubular, acoustic conductor extends from the outer surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug device into the ear canal, the aforementioned coupling port must be so positioned that the said, additional acoustic conductor can be routed in optimal fashion along the pinna and then into the ear canal. If the location of the coupling port is dictated by parameters of the type mentioned above, it will be necessary to integrate in the custom-moulded ear-plug device one or several converters within the confines of the physical space available and to connect them to the coupling ports via the acoustic conductors mentioned above. Considering the fact that in active custom-moulded ear-plug devices of that type, such as the hearing aids mentioned, the space available for accommodating converters and other functional electronic elements including the battery is extremely limited, it is obvious why as often as not it takes an effort to keep the coupling ports in the desired location and at the same integrate the converters and acoustic conductors in the custom-moulded ear-plug device in a manner which optimizes both space utilization and acoustic properties.

It is the objective of this invention to remedy these shortcomings by introducing an custom-moulded ear-plug device of the type mentioned which, however, offers a high level of flexibility in physically positioning the converters needed within the custom-moulded ear-plug device, largely independent of the location of the coupling ports and thus without having to pay particular attention to the space requirements of additional acoustic conductors that may be necessary. This is intended to make it possible to flexibly install the converters mentioned in whatever is the optimal location within the most compact design possible, independent of the location of the coupling ports on the outer surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug shell and without having to take into account as restrictive factors the acoustic connecting lines or any resulting bulkiness of the device. In the custom-moulded ear-plug device discussed, this is accomplished in that the acoustic conductor extends through, and is bounded by, the material of the custom-moulded ear-plug shell.

In other words, the said acoustic conductor is integrally molded into the custom-moulded ear-plug device, i.e. its shell. Since the custom-moulded ear-plug device must in any event be provided with a shell with a particular wall thickness, the acoustic conductors leading to the coupling port or ports will take up only a negligible amount of space in the custom-moulded ear-plug device and they can be routed essentially from and to any desired point. Where necessary, it is also possible at least over partial sections to combine several acoustic conductors or channels as parallel signal carriers. For example, a region of the custom-moulded ear-plug device in which there is not enough space for a channel of the desired cross-sectional size, can be bypassed or circumvented by two or more signal-carrying parallel channels of a smaller diameter. The original channel is split into branch channels which are recombined at the end of the size-limited segment.

In a preferred embodiment, the channel(s) mentioned features varying cross-sectional sizes and shapes in different segments over its entire length so as to optimize the acoustic transmission properties. This creates a network of acoustic impedances along the channel; permitting optimal acoustic adaptation.

In another embodiment, the impedance tuning can be obtained by means of at least one matching stub line which extends into the channel. For bridging greater distances in the custom-moulded ear-plug device according to this invention between the above-mentioned converter and the coupling port it is proposed that this minimum of one channel be routed, at least over a substantial part of its length, essentially parallel to the outer surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug device.

While the custom-moulded ear-plug device according to this invention can be easily designed as part of an earphone, the proposed concept is particularly suitable for hearing aids.

If the hearing aid is designed as an in-ear hearing aid, it is further proposed that the channel be made part of an ear-drum venting system. This is feasible due in particular to the impedance-tuning possibilities referred to above.

The following explains this invention by a description of design examples with the aid of drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic illustration of a production system, operating by the preferred process for the optimized industrial manufacture of custom-moulded ear-plug devices;

FIG. 2 is an illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 1, of another system layout;

FIG. 3 is an illustration, analogous to those in FIGS. 1 and 2, of yet another system configuration;

FIG. 4 schematically shows an in-ear hearing aid with a conventionally mounted cerumen shield;

FIG. 5 is an illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 4, of an in-ear hearing aid with an integrally molded-in cerumen shield;

FIG. 6 is an in-ear hearing aid with a conventionally machined venting groove;

FIG. 7( a) to (f) are partial, perspective illustrations of custom-moulded ear-plug shell surfaces with novel venting grooves;

FIG. 8 is a partial, schematic illustration of an custom-moulded ear-plug shell surface with varying cross-sectional sizes and shapes;

FIG. 9 schematically shows an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device with an extended venting groove;

FIG. 10 is an illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 9, of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device with multiple venting grooves;

FIG. 11( a) to (e) show parts of custom-moulded ear-plug shells provided with venting channels of mutually different cross-sectional shapes and dimensions;

FIG. 12 is an illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 8, of a venting channel in an custom-moulded ear-plug shell, featuring over its length varying cross-sectional shapes and dimensions;

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 9, of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device with a machined, extended venting channel;

FIG. 14 is an illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 10, of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device per this invention with multiple venting channels;

FIG. 15 schematically shows a longitudinal section of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device with a ribbed interior surface;

FIG. 16 is a partial cross-sectional view of the custom-moulded ear-plug device per FIG. 15, with the ribs featuring mutually different cross-sectional dimensions;

FIG. 17 is a partial perspective view of an custom-moulded ear-plug shell with interior ribbing per FIG. 15 or 16, said ribs featuring over their length different cross-sectional shapes and dimensions;

FIG. 18 is an illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 15, of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device with external ribbing;

FIG. 19 schematically shows part of an custom-moulded ear-plug shell, ribbed per FIG. 18, with ribs of mutually different cross-sectional dimensions;

FIG. 20 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of an custom-moulded ear-plug device with exterior ribbing and possibly interior ribbing as well as an inner space filled at least in part with a filter material;

FIG. 21 is a schematic, partial view of a longitudinal section of an custom-moulded ear-plug shell with a flexible and resiliently compressible region;

FIG. 22 schematically shows a longitudinal section of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device with a cavity for accommodating an electronic module;

FIG. 23 shows the custom-moulded ear-plug device per FIG. 22 being slipped over an electronic module;

FIG. 24 is a perspective, schematic illustration of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device, in particular as employed in an in-ear hearing aid, with a two-part, separable and joinable custom-moulded ear-plug shell;

FIG. 25 is a partial, schematic illustration of the integration per this invention of acoustic conductors and adapters connecting to an acousto-electric or electro-acoustic converter in an custom-moulded ear-plug device;

FIG. 26 is an illustration, analogous to that in FIG. 25, of the positioning per this invention of two or more acoustic conductors in the shell of an custom-moulded ear-plug device; and

FIG. 27 is a simplified signal-flow/functional block diagram of a novel process, and a novel device for its implementation, whereby the contouring of the custom-moulded ear-plug device is adapted to the dynamic movement of the area of application.

The custom-moulded ear-plug-unit design versions discussed following the description of the production process are preferably all manufactured by the said production process.

DEFINITION

The term custom-moulded ear-plug device refers to a unit which is applied directly outside the pinna and/or at the pinna and/or in the auditory meatus or ear canal. It includes external or pinnal hearing aids, in-ear hearing aids, headphones, noise- and water-blocking ear plugs, and the like.

1. Production Process

In the preferred production process for fabricating the custom-moulded ear-plug devices described in detail further below, the shape of a particular region in which an custom-moulded ear-plug unit is to be applied, is digitized in three dimensions, whereupon the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or its shell is built up by an additive process. Additive or incremental building i.e. composite structuring processes are also known as Rapid Prototyping. For incremental processes of this nature, already employed in rapid prototyping, reference is made to: http://ltk.hut.fi/-koukka/RP/rptree.html  (1) or to Wohlers Report 2000, Rapid Prototyping & Tooling State of the Industry  (2)

The different incremental processes currently known and employed in rapid prototyping indicate that laser sintering, laser or stereo lithography or the thermojet process are particularly well suited to the building of custom-moulded ear-plugs or their shells and especially the specific configurations described below. These preferred additive structuring processes are therefore briefly summarized as follows:

-   -   Laser sintering: A thin layer of hot-melting powder is applied         on a powder bed for instance by means of a roller. A laser beam,         controlled by the 3D data of the specific individual application         area, solidifies the powder layer that corresponds to a slice or         sectional layer of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell. A         solid sectional layer of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or         shell is thus produced in the otherwise loose powder. That layer         is then lowered out of the powder deposition plane and a new         powder layer is superposed, laser-solidified to constitute         another sectional layer, etc.

-   Laser or Stereo Lithography: A first sectional layer of the     custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell is solidified on the surface     of a liquid photopolymer by means of a UV laser. The hardened layer     is dipped and again covered with the liquid polymer. By means of the     UV laser the second sectional layer of the custom-moulded ear-plug     unit or shell is solidified on the first hardened layer.

-   The positional movement of the laser is itself controlled by the 3D     data of the specific application area previously digitized.     -   Thermojet Process: The contouring for a given sectional layer of         the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell follows a principle         similar to that of an ink jet printer, in that liquid is applied         based on the digitized 3D data especially of the specific area         of application. The sectional image deposited is then allowed to         solidify. Again following the principle of an incremental         buildup, layer upon layer is deposited in building the         custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell.     -   Relative to additive structuring processes, including the         above-mentioned preferred process, reference is made to these         other publications:         http://www.padtinc.com/srv_rpm_sls.html  (3)         “Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) of Ceramics”, Muskesh Agarwala         et al., presented at the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium,         Austin, Tex., August 1999  (4)         http://www.caip.rutgers.edu/RP_Library/process.html  (5)         http://www.biba.uni-bremen.de/groups/rp/lom.html, or         http://www.biba.uni-bremen.delgroupslrp/rp_intro.html  (6)         Donald Klosterman et al., “Direct Fabrication of Polymer         Composite Structures with Curved LOM”, Solid Freeform         Fabrication Symposium, University of Texas at Austin, August         1999  (7)         http://lff.me.utexas.edu/sls.html  (8)         http://www.padtinc.com/srv_rpm_sla.html  (9)         http://www.cs.hut.fi/˜ado/rp/rp.html  (10)

Thus, the basic principle employed in the incremental-buildup or additive-structuring process consists in the deposition of a thin layer of material on a surface, whether that is a full-surfaced blank as in laser sintering or in stereo lithography, or, as in the thermojet process, already a contoured section of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell that is being constructed. The desired sectional shape is then stabilized, i.e. hardened.

Once a layer has hardened, a new layer is deposited on it as described above, hardened and bonded to the finished layer underneath. In that fashion, layer by layer, the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell is composed by the successive, additive deposition of multiple layers.

In commercial production, the preferred method is not to separately deposit and solidify each individual sectional layer for a single specific custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell, one at a time, but to simultaneously produce several layers for each unit. For example, in laser sintering one laser, typically mirror-controlled, solidifies the sectional layers of several custom-moulded ear-plug units or shells before all hardened sectional layers are jointly dipped. Thereupon, after a new powder layer has been deposited on all hardened and dipped sectional layers, the next multiple sectional layers are formed. Although fabricated in parallel, the individual custom-moulded ear-plug units or their shells are produced as separate units under appropriate digital control.

The solidification of multiple sectional layers employs either a single laser beam or more than one laser beam operated and controlled in parallel.

In an alternative process, a sectional layer is individually solidified by a laser while concurrently a powder layer is deposited for forming another custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell. Subsequently that same laser is used to solidify the prepared powder layer representing the sectional layer for the next custom-moulded ear-plug element, while the previously solidified layer is dipped and a new powder layer is deposited on it. In this case the laser alternates intermittently between two or several custom-moulded ear-plug units or shells which are being fabricated, while the idle time of the laser otherwise occurring during the powder deposition for the forming of one of the shells is utilized for the solidification of a sectional layer of another custom-moulded ear-plug unit that is being built.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of one process variant in which, by laser sintering or laser or stereo lithography, several custom-moulded ear-plug units or their shells are commercially manufactured in a parallel process. The laser with its control unit 5 and its beam 3 is located above the bed of powder or fluid material. In its position 1 it solidifies the layer S₁ of a first custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell under the control of the first discrete data set D₁. Thereupon, a repositioning device 7 moves it into a second position where, under the control of the second discrete data set D₂, it produces the layer S₂ following another specific contour. Of course, several of the lasers may be moved in unison, for the simultaneous production of more than one individual custom-moulded ear-plug layer. Not until the appropriate lasers 5, in all their predefined positions, have produced the various individual layers in the laser sintering process will a new powder layer be deposited by the powder feed system 9 or, in the case of laser or stereo lithography, will the solidified layers S be dipped in the fluid bed.

As shown in FIG. 2, several individually controlled lasers 5, operating in parallel, simultaneously solidify layers of individual custom-moulded ear-plug units or shells in one or more fluid or powder beds 1. Again, upon completion of this solidification phase and deactivation of the lasers, the powder feed unit 9 deposits a new powder layer, while in the case of laser or stereo lithography the layers just solidified or the already hardened structures are dipped in the fluid bed.

As shown in FIG. 3, the laser 5 solidifies the layer S₁ in one powder or fluid bed 1 a, then moves over to bed 1 b (dotted line) where, during the solidification phase at bed 1 a, the powder deposition device 9 b applies powder on a previously solidified layer S₁ or, in the case of laser or stereo lithography, the layer S₁ is dipped. Not until the laser 5 is activated at bed 1 b will the powder feed unit 9 a deposit a new powder layer at bed 1 a on the layer S₁ just solidified, or will the layer S₁ be dipped in the fluid bed 1 a.

When employing the thermojet process, and for correspondingly increased productivity, sectional layers are simultaneously deposited for more than one custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell, essentially in one single stroke by one applicator head or by several such heads operating in parallel.

The process described makes it possible to produce custom-moulded ear-plug units or shells of highly complex shapes both in terms of their outer contours and, in the case of a shell, of its inner contours, with individualized adaptation to the area of application concerned. Ledges, recesses and protrusions can be easily configured.

There also exist materials for the incremental build-up process which can be shaped into an elastic yet sturdy shell which latter, if desired, can vary in thickness down to an extremely thin yet break-resistant wall.

In a currently preferred implementation the digitizing of the specific individual areas of application, especially those for a hearing aid and in particular for an in-ear hearing aid, is performed at a specialized institution, in the latter case by an audiologist. The individual image information in the form of digital 3D data, especially those for hearing aids, is transmitted to a production center either on a disk or via the Internet. The production center then fabricates the individual custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell, in the case discussed an in-ear hearing-aid shell, employing in particular the above-mentioned process. The center preferably also performs the complete assembly of the hearing aid with the appropriate functional components.

Due to the fact that, as mentioned above, the thermoplastic materials employed generally allow for a relatively elastic outer contour with a snug fit, the problem of pressure points in the shaping of custom-moulded ear-plug units or shells is far less critical than has been the case in the past, a point of particular significance for in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs. It follows that in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs such as hearing aids, headphones, water-blocking devices and especially in-ear hearing aids can be inserted much like elastic plugs whose surface adapts itself with a snug fit to the area of application i.e. the auditory meatus or ear canal. One or several venting channels can be easily provided in the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit, ensuring that, notwithstanding the resulting, perhaps relatively tight fit of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit in the ear canal, the air flow to the ear drum remains uninhibited. In the production process, the specific 3D data for the area of application can also be most advantageously employed for optimizing the inner configuration of the plastic unit, even including the accommodation and constellation of any customized components as in the case of a hearing aid.

Specifically for custom-moulded ear-plugs in the form of hearing aids, centralized shell production also allows for the centralized storing and management of individual patient data both with regard to the patient-specific area of application and to the individual functional elements and their settings. If for whatever reason a shell must be replaced, it can be reproduced simply by retrieving the individual data sets, without requiring a laborious new fitting as in the past.

Given that processes for producing custom-moulded ear-plug devices, albeit prototypes only, have been part of prior art and have been described in earlier literature, there is no need at this juncture to repeat all the technical details of these processes.

In any event, it has been surprising to find that adopting these prior-art prototyping technologies yields rather substantial benefits for the industrial, commercially attractive production of custom-moulded ear-plugs, for reasons which for all practical purposes are of no significance in prototyping, such as the elasticity of suitable thermoplastic materials, the ability to customize extremely thin-walled elements, etc.

To summarize, employing the above-mentioned additive, incremental build-up process in the production of custom-moulded ear-plug units or shells makes it possible to integrate in these various functional elements, the configuration of which is already laid out in the computer during the design phase of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit and which are installed as the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell is produced. In the past, such functional elements were typically retrofitted or added to the finished custom-moulded ear-plug unit or shell, as evidenced by seams at junctions of different or inhomogeneous materials at the points of assembly.

For the custom-moulded ear-plugs discussed and especially those containing electronic components, such as hearing aids and especially in-ear hearing aids, the components which can be integrated directly into the custom-moulded ear-plug shell by the technique proposed include, by way of example, the following:

Component mounts and holders, cerumen-protection systems, venting channels in the case of in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs, or channel locks which keep in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs in place in the auditory canal.

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an example of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit 11 such as an in-ear hearing aid whose acoustic port 13 on the ear-drum side is provided with a cerumen-protection cap 15. In past production processes, such a protective cap 15 would be mounted as a separate part on the shell 16 of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit 11 and fastened for instance with glue or by welding. When employing the aforementioned additive build-up process, as shown in an identical illustration in FIG. 5, the cerumen protection cap 15 a is integrated directly into the shell 16 a of the otherwise identical in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit 11 a. At the junctions, schematically identified as P in FIG. 4, conventional processes would necessarily lead to material inhomogeneities or seams whereas in the case depicted in FIG. 5 there is no such seam and the material of the shell 16 a homogeneously transitions into that of the cerumen-protection cap 15 a.

This is only one example of how conventional cerumen-protection systems and other functional elements can be directly integrated by employing the abovementioned production process.

The following will introduce a few specific, novel custom-moulded ear-plug devices:

2. Vented Inner-Ear Custom-Moulded Ear-Plugs

It is a conventional practice in the case of in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs and especially in-ear hearing aids to provide a venting groove on the outer surface, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 6. As currently used venting grooves go, they are by no means optimized with regard to various features:

-   -   Acoustic properties: Prior-art venting grooves are not really         adapted to the different acoustic requirements. For example, in         active custom-moulded ear-plug devices such as in-ear hearing         aids they contribute next to nothing to an effective solution of         the feedback problem between the electromechanical output         converter and the acoustoelectric input converter. In passive         in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs such as ear protectors, they do         not provide the desired level of protection while at the same         time maintaining good venting properties.     -   Susceptibility to cerumen: The venting grooves currently         provided on the outer surfaces of in-ear custom-moulded         ear-plugs are extremely susceptible to the formation of cerumen.         Depending on its intensity, cerum buildup can quickly limit the         air-conducting capacity of the venting grooves by constricting         or even fully clogging them.

The following describes proposed venting solutions for in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs and especially for in-ear hearing aids or ear-protection devices, but also for custom-moulded ear-plugs which only partly protrude into the ear canal, such as headphones, which solutions eliminate at least in part the above-mentioned shortcomings of conventional provisions.

In this context, one differentiates between venting systems which

-   -   are essentially in the form of a groove which at least in part         opens up toward the wall of the ear canal,     -   are channels completely closed toward the wall of the ear canal.         2a) Venting Systems which are Open Toward the Wall of the Ear         Canal

In FIGS. 7( a) to (f), the perspective, schematic partial illustrations of the outer wall 18 of in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs, resting against the ear canal, depict sections of innovative venting-channel configurations. In FIG. 7( a), the cross section of the venting groove 20 a is square or rectangular with precisely defined and maintained dimensional parameters. In FIG. 7( b) the venting groove 20 b has a cross section in the form of a circular or elliptic sector, again with a precisely defined lateral curvature 21 b. Such precise definition and implementation of the cross-sectional shape of the venting grooves 20 already allows for a certain predictability and control of the acoustic propagation characteristics along the groove when that is in flush contact with the inner wall of the ear canal. Of course, the acoustic properties also depend on the length over which the groove 20 extends along the outer surface 18 of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit.

FIG. 7( c) to (f) illustrate other venting-channel cross sections, additionally provided with cerumen protection. The groove per FIG. 7( c) has a T-shaped cross section.

In relation to the wide cross-sectional base of the groove in FIG. 27( c), the cantilevering of the sides 23 c and resultant narrowing 25 c in the direction of the ear-canal wall already provides an appreciable measure of cerumen protection. Even if cerumen penetrates into the narrow part 25 c and hardens there, it will not cause any substantial constriction, never mind clogging, of the venting groove, but will only make it an enclosed venting channel. Following the principle explained in relation to FIG. 7( c), FIGS. 7( d) to 7(f) show the wide cross-sectional base 27 d to 27 f of the venting groove in various shapes, such as a circular or elliptic sector per FIG. 7( d), triangular as in FIG. 7( e), or circular or elliptical as per FIG. 7( f).

A specific, precise design of the cross-sectional surface of the groove, as illustrated by way of only a few examples in FIG. 7( a) to 7(f), already leads to acoustic as well as cerum-protection properties which are measurably superior to those of conventional, more or less random-shaped venting grooves. For the desired cerumen-protection and acoustic properties, the cross sections are first computer-modeled and then precisely integrated into the custom-moulded ear-plug production units. A particularly suitable way to accomplish this is to employ the additive build-up processes explained above. Further optimization of the acoustic properties of the venting groove can be obtained by providing along these novel venting grooves any given acoustic impedances; in FIG. 8, for example, this results in venting grooves 29 which along their longitudinal direction feature progressively changing cross-sectional shapes, selected and sequenced in FIG. 8 from cross-sections in FIG. 7.

In a manner similar to the design of passive electrical circuitry, the venting groove that is in contact with the ear canal can be computer-modelled and tested for its acoustic transmission properties and then integrated into the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device or shell.

As illustrated in FIG. 8 at point A, it is possible to specifically provide multiple cerumen-protected sections in correspondingly exposed locations.

It may also be altogether desirable especially with a view to optimized acoustic properties to make the venting grooves longer than would normally correspond to the basic length of a given in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit. As shown in FIG. 9, this is accomplished by cutting grooves 31 with shapes for instance as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8 into the surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit along predefined curves, as depicted in the example of FIG. 9, practically in the form of helical grooves surrounding the custom-moulded ear-plug unit. Enhanced, optimal design flexibility is obtained by providing not only one but several venting grooves on the surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 10. This substantial measure of design flexibility makes it possible to configure and variably dimension the venting grooves on the surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit so as to optimize cerumen protection and acoustic transmission properties for any particular area of application in the ear canal.

2b) Venting Systems with Fully Integrated Channels

This design variation of the innovative venting systems consists of venting channels which are at least in some sections fully integrated into the custom-moulded ear-plug unit and closed off against the wall of the ear canal. A system of this type, designed into an custom-moulded ear-plug shell, is described below. However, it should be stressed that, if no further modules need to be integrated in the custom-moulded ear-plug unit discussed and if the latter is a solid plastic body, the following statements naturally also apply to any desired routing of channels through the solid plastic body in question.

Analogous to FIG. 7, FIG. 11 illustrates various cross-sectional shapes and surface distribution patterns of the proposed venting channels 33 a to 33 e. In FIG. 11( a) the venting channel 33 a integrated into the custom-moulded ear-plug shell 35 a has a rectangular or square cross section, in the design version per FIG. 11( b) the cross section of the channel 33 b is in the form of a circular or elliptic sector. In the design variant per FIG. 11( c). the cross section of the venting channel 33 c is circular or elliptic while in the design variant per FIG. 11( d) it is triangular.

In the embodiment per FIG. 11( e) the custom-moulded ear-plug shell features a complex interior shape, for instance with an integrated retaining-strip extension 37. For optimal space utilization the cross section of the associated venting channel 35 e is so designed as to take advantage even of complex shape variations of the custom-moulded ear-plug shell. Accordingly, part of its equally complex cross-sectional form runs into the retaining strip 37 extending from the shell 35 e.

Going back to the design variant per chapter 2a) it should be mentioned that this type of complex cross-section which offers optimal utilization of the available space can equally well be chosen for venting grooves that are open toward the wall of the ear canal and, conversely, the channel patterns illustrated in FIGS. 9 and 10 for open grooves can be used for closed venting channels as well.

FIG. 12 finally illustrates a design version of a fully integrated venting channel 39 which in its longitudinal direction, for instance in the depicted custom-moulded ear-plug shell 41, features varying cross sections and/or cross-sectional dimensions so that, with different acoustic impedance elements, the acoustic transmission properties can be optimized. In this context, and with reference to chapter 5) below, it should also be pointed out that the ability to produce complex acoustic impedance characteristics makes it entirely possible to simultaneously utilize at least certain sections of the venting channels, and especially of the closed designs discussed here, as acoustic conductor output sections of active electromechanical converters, like on the output side of microphones, for instance in the case of in-ear hearing aids.

Analogous to FIGS. 9 and 10, FIGS. 13 and 14 show how in a given custom-moulded ear-plug unit 43 the integrated venting channels explained in this chapter can be extended by appropriate routing, and, respectively, how two or more of these channels can be integrated into the custom-moulded ear-plug unit, perhaps with different and/or varying channel cross sections analogous to FIG. 12.

These capabilities, described in chapters 2a and 2b and combinable in any desired fashion, open up to the expert innumerable design-variation opportunities for the novel venting systems and most of all, in view of the various and variously dimensionable parameters, considerable leeway in providing for each individual custom-moulded ear-plug unit optimal cerumen protection as well as optimal acoustic transmission properties. For all design variants the specific individualized system configuration is preferably calculated and computer-modeled for the requirements at hand and the corresponding custom-moulded ear-plug unit custom-fabricated. And again, a particularly suitable way to accomplish this is to employ the production process first above explained, based on the additive building principle known from rapid prototyping and controlled by the optimized modeling data.

3. Optimized Structural Stability of Custom-Moulded Ear-Plug Units

This chapter serves to introduce novel custom-moulded ear-plugs which are optimally adapted to the dynamics of the area of application. For example, it is a known fact that, due to their essentially uniform degree of structural stability, conventional custom-moulded ear-plug in-ear devices cannot adapt to the relatively strong dynamic movement of the auditory canal for instance during mastication. Similarly, the acoustic conductors for instance between pinnal i.e. external hearing aids and the auditory canal cannot freely follow a dynamic movement of the area of application. In the case of in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs, and with ear protectors, earphones, water-repellent ear plugs etc., the same problem is encountered, albeit in part to a lesser degree. Most important, some of their intrinsic functionality such as their protective effectiveness are compromised the more an allowance is made for the aforementioned dynamics of the area of application. Reference can be made for instance to conventional ear protectors made of an elastically deformable plastic material which, although adapting to the mentioned dynamics of the area of application, do so at the expense of their acoustic transmission characteristics.

FIG. 15 shows in schematic fashion a longitudinal section of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device, FIG. 16 schematically illustrates part of the cross section of that same custom-moulded ear-plug unit. The custom-moulded ear-plug unit, for instance designed to accommodate electronic components, includes a shell 45 which, sock-shaped, consists of a thin-walled, elastic material. Where desired, the structural stability of the skin of the shell, smooth on the outside in the design example shown, is assured by means of fins or ribs 47 integrated into the inside of the shell which ribs are of the same material as the skin of the shell.

Depending on the necessary dynamic adaptability of the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device for instance to match the dynamics of the auditory canal, and on the requirements in terms of channel locks and for protecting built-in components as in the case of an in-ear hearing aid, the progression of the wall thickness of the shell skin 45 and the density and shape of the ribs 47 are computed in advance and the custom-moulded ear-plug unit is built on the basis of the computed data. And again, the above-mentioned production method, employing the additive build-up process, is eminently suitable for the task. Of course, the design of the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit as just explained can without question be combined with a venting system as described with reference to FIGS. 7 to 14. In particular, for modifying the degree of rigidity i.e. flexibility in specific regions of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit the ribs can have varying cross sections which, if desirable, may also transition progressively along their longitudinal axis from one cross section to another.

By way of a perspective illustration, strictly representing one typical example, FIG. 17 schematically shows the outer skin 45 with ribs 47, the latter displaying varying cross-sectional surface dimensions in the longitudinal direction.

In lieu of or in addition to the targeted wall reinforcement and predefined bending and torsional characteristics, in short the structural properties of the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit, the inner ribbing as shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 may be complemented by an outer rib pattern as mentioned further above. To that effect, as indicated in FIGS. 18 and 19, the outer surface of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit 49 is provided with a pattern of ribs 51 which may differ regionally in terms of their density, orientation and cross section.

FIG. 19 shows that this approach can be taken with the hollow, cavity-type custom-moulded ear-plugs, but it is equally suitable for custom-moulded ear-plug units without a cavity, for instance without electronic components, and thus for devices such as ear protectors and water-blocking ear plugs. The cross section of an custom-moulded ear-plug unit of this type is schematically shown in FIG. 20. In this case, the core 53 is made for instance of a highly compressible absorption material, surrounded by a contour-shaping skin 55 with ribbing 57. The “skin” 55 and the ribbing 57 are produced jointly and integrally, for which once again the production method first above described, employing the additive build-up process, offers itself. To what extent any such additive build-up process will be implementable any time soon when applied to a work piece with inhomogeneous materials, remains to be seen. If that turns out to be possible, the road is clear, for instance in the case of the design example per FIG. 20, to also build the filler 53 concurrently with the skin 55 and the ribs 57, layer by sequential layer.

Going back especially to FIGS. 18 and 19, it will be evident that the outer rib profiles can also double as delineators for venting channels and/or free spaces, as is illustrated in purely schematic fashion by the example of path P.

Referring back once again to FIG. 20, to the dotted line 57, it is entirely possible, if necessary, to provide the shell skin 55 with an inner rib pattern 57 even when the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit is filled with a filler material and is not intended to accommodate other components such as electronic modules.

Moreover, as indicated by the dotted line 59 in FIG. 20, it is possible to produce custom-moulded ear-plug units with a cavity for accommodating modules such as electronic components which cavity 59 is specifically shaped to conform to the size and shape of these additional components to be installed, while at the same time the space between that cavity and the shell skin 55 is filled for instance with a resilient or sound-absorbing material or, alternatively, the components to be installed are embedded in such a material up to the shell skin 55.

The shell skin 55 or, respectively, 45 per FIGS. 15, 16 and 17, may in fact be produced from an electrically conductive material, creating at the same time an electrical shield for internally situated electronic components. Where appropriate, this also applies to the filler material 53 per FIG. 20.

FIGS. 15 to 20 illustrate an example of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device whose shell is reinforced with inner and/or outer rib profiles, allowing the structure to be exceptionally light-weight and customizable. Obviously, where necessary, this type of structure can also be employed in outer-ear custom-moulded ear-plug units.

FIG. 21 shows another design variation of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit with a specific pliable and, respectively, compressible section. This is accomplished in that the shell 61 of an custom-moulded ear-plug unit, and in particular the shell of an in-ear hearing aid, is provided in one or more predefined areas with a corrugated or bellows-like section 63 which is flexibly expandable or compressible to the necessary extent. Although FIG. 21 illustrates this concept in conjunction with the shell of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device, that concept, where necessary, is entirely implementable in a pinnal custom-moulded ear-plug design as well. Again, the preferred production method is as first above described.

In the case of this design example as well it is possible, as explained in reference to FIG. 20, to fill the inner space of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit with the proper filler material for the purpose intended, or to embed integrated modules in such a filler material, thus obtaining improved stability of the device as well as better acoustic properties.

4. Modular Housing and Build-Ins

A problem especially with in-ear hearing aids consists in the fact that the shape of the area of application, i.e. the auditory canal, changes progressively. This is obviously true in the case of youngsters growing up, but even the ear canal of adults changes, often considerably, and mostly in a constrictive sense (e.g. the co-called diver's ear).

Conventional in-ear hearing aids, even where their components could otherwise be expected to be retainable for extended periods in a person's life, perhaps requiring only a readjustment of the transmission characteristics of the hearing aid in adaptation to the changed auditory conditions, thus pose a problem in that an all-new hearing aid needs to be designed repeatedly merely because the previous ones no longer fit properly into the ear canal.

This can already be improved alone by means of the measures explained in the above chapter 3) due to the fact that they permit an automatic adaptation of the shape of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit to the changing area of application. The following will describe additional measures especially for in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug devices. It should be pointed out, however, that for outer-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs as well, such as pinnal hearing aids, it becomes possible to replace the “housing”, and not only when that is necessary for reasons of wearing-comfort but also, if desired, for instance for changing the aesthetic appearance of such an outer-ear hearing aid.

FIG. 22 shows schematically the longitudinal section of an in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit 65, whose inner space 67 conforms essentially to the shape of the electronic module 69, schematically illustrated in FIG. 23, that it must accommodate. The custom-moulded ear-plug unit 65 consists of a rubber-like elastic material and, as shown in FIG. 23, can be slipped over the electronic module 69. The inner space 67 is so contoured that it matches the shape of any module to be accommodated which is thus held in place by and in the custom-moulded ear-plug unit 65. In this fashion it is easily possible to equip one and the same electronic module 69 with different custom-moulded ear-plug units 65, thus permitting an adaptation to the changing shape of the auditory canal for instance of a growing child. Thus, for all practical purposes, the custom-moulded ear-plug unit used for the in-ear hearing aid becomes a replaceable one-way accessory. The custom-moulded ear-plug unit 65 can be easily replaced not only to compensate for changes in the area of application, that being the ear canal, but also when the unit is soiled. This concept may even prove useful, for instance in the case of an ear infection, for introducing medication which could be applied on the outside of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit, or in any event for inserting sterilized custom-moulded ear-plug units at regular time intervals.

The concept illustrated in FIGS. 22 and 23 is, of course, combinable with those presented in chapters 2) and 3), and the custom-moulded ear-plug unit 65 is preferably fabricated by the production method explained in chapter 1), which permits the formation of the most complex internal configurations for the tolerance- and vibration-free accommodation of the module 69.

As can be seen in FIGS. 22 and 23, the phase plate 1 with which conventional in-ear hearing aids are equipped, is incorporated as an integral part for instance of the module mount. The same applies to other mounts and retaining cavities for electronic components of the hearing aid. If the incremental layer-by-layer build-up process explained in chapter 1) is applied following the dotted line in FIG. 22 in the direction of the arrow AB, it should be altogether possible to fabricate the custom-moulded ear-plug unit in the progressive build-up direction AB in accordance with the requirements of each area and from a variety of materials. This also applies to the custom-moulded ear-plug devices discussed in chapters 2) and 3) and to those described in the following chapters 5), 6) and 7). In reference to the example per FIG. 22, it is thus entirely possible to fabricate section 65 _(a) from a rubber-like elastic material and the port section 65 _(b) from a more rigid material.

Depicted in FIG. 24 is another design version of an custom-moulded ear-plug unit, again as an example of an in-ear hearing aid which permits the simple, rapid exchange of the internal, built-in components. It is recommended that for any such in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit with built-in components, the shell be produced in several assemblable sections as shown in FIG. 24. By means of quick-connect closures such as catch pawls, detents or even bayonet-type junctions it is possible to quickly separate the housing sections 73 a and 73 b of the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit, remove the internal modules such as electronic components and reinstall these in a new shell, perhaps one with a modified outer contour or into an altogether different shell, as may be necessary for instance for cleaning purposes, sterile requirements etc. In cases where the used shells must be disposed of, it is entirely possible to configure the shell sections in a way that they can be opened only in a destructive fashion, rendering them nonreusable, for instance by means of locking elements such as pawls which are inaccessible from the outside, so that it is necessary to cut the shell open for disposal.

Of course, this design version can on its part be combined with the variants described above and those yet to be described below.

5. Integration of Acoustic Conductors in Custom-Moulded Ear-Plug Devices or their Shells

The input and, respectively, output ends of acoustoelectric input converters or electroacoustic output converters in outer-ear as well as in-ear hearing aids are customarily coupled to the auditory environment by way of discrete, separately assembled acoustic conductors in the form of tubular structures, or, especially for acoustoelectric input converters, their receiving surface is positioned in the immediate vicinity of the hearing-aid surface, possibly separated from the environment by only small spaces and protective provisions.

The design of hearing aids of that type involves relatively severe restrictions as to where the converter proper and where on the hearing aid the actual interface to the outside world must be positioned. It would be highly desirable to have maximum design latitude in the placement of the interface to the environment and the positioning of the converters within the hearing aid.

This is entirely feasible in that the acoustic conductors concerned, extending on the input side from acoustoelectric converters and on the output side from electroacoustic converters, are integrated directly into the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or the wall of the respective custom-moulded ear-plug shell.

That is schematically illustrated in FIG. 25. A converter module 75 is provided with an acoustic input or output 77. Integrated into the shell 79 of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit of an in-ear or pinnal hearing aid or an earphone is an acoustic conductor 81 which, at least in part as shown in FIG. 25, extends within the wall of the custom-moulded ear-plug shell 79. Preferably, acoustic stub connectors or line sections 83 are employed for tuning the corresponding acoustic impedance of the acoustic conductor 81. With a view to outer-ear hearing aids, this concept makes it possible to provide input openings 85 wherever desired, in an offset arrangement along the hearing aid, and to couple these via the acoustic conductors 89, integrated into the custom-moulded ear-plug unit or its shell 87, to the appropriate acoustoelectric converters 91 essentially regardless of where in the hearing aid these converters 91 are located. As an example only, shown in FIG. 26, two converters are centrally positioned and their inputs are connected to the desired receiving ports 85 via the above-mentioned acoustic conductor 89. It will be evident from FIGS. 25 and 26 and from the discussion in chapter 2) of the innovative venting systems that it is entirely possible for the venting channels to double as acoustic conductors, especially if, as schematically indicated in FIG. 25, acoustic adapters 83 are used for defining specific acoustic impedance parameters.

6. Marking of Custom-Moulded Ear-Plug Units

When custom-moulded ear-plug devices and especially in-ear hearing aids are manufactured, they are customized for each individual wearer. It would therefore be highly desirable to label each such manufactured custom-moulded ear-plug unit, especially each in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug device and most particularly each in-ear hearing aid. Hence, it is recommended that each custom-moulded ear-plug unit or its shell be provided with a recessed or raised labeling area for individualized markings that may include, in addition to the name of the individual buyer, such information as the manufacturer, product serial number, left or right ear application, etc. Most preferably, such labeling is produced during the fabrication of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit by means of the ablation process referred to under 1) above. This ensures that there can be no mix-up with the custom-moulded ear-plug devices. This is particularly important in the subsequent, possibly automated assembly process involving additional modules, for instance in the assembly of in-ear hearing aids.

Of course, this step can be combined with any one or several of the procedures described in chapters 2) to 5) above.

7. Optimization of Custom-Moulded Ear-Plug Devices Relative to the Dynamics of the Area of Application

For the fitting of custom-moulded ear-plug devices intended for in-ear application, such as in-ear hearing aids, current practice involves the taking of an impression, for instance in silicone, of the auditory canal. Considering the relatively substantial dynamics of movement of the ear canal, for instance during mastication, it becomes obvious that such an impression, a snapshot as it were, can hardly produce a fit of the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plug unit that is entirely satisfactory in everyday use. Therefore, according to the new method as illustrated by the simplified functional/signal-flow diagram in FIG. 27, measurements are taken at several points of statistical dynamic movement in the dynamic application area, represented by the block 93, i.e. the dynamic movement of the area of application is recorded, frame by frame. The data sets thus obtained are stored in a memory module 95. With conventional impression-based methodology as well, this approach can be implemented by taking impressions of the area of application at two or more points representative of the actual dynamic movement.

These impressions are then scanned and the corresponding digital data sets are stored in the memory 95. It would also be possible to use x-rays for acquiring the dynamic data of the application area.

Accordingly, depending on the intended degree of precision, a number of “frames” or, for all practical purposes, a “film strip” of the movement pattern in the application area of interest is recorded. The data recorded and stored in the memory module 95 are then fed into a computer The output end of the computer 97 controls the custom-moulded ear-plug production process 99. If, as is still common practice, the in-ear custom-moulded ear-plugs produced include a relatively hard shell, the computer 97 will use the dynamic data stored in the memory 95, as well as perhaps other production parameters as schematically indicated at point K, and calculate these for the best fit of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit so as to assure optimal wearing comfort in daily use without compromising functionality. When the custom-moulded ear-plug unit is fabricated following the principle explained in chapter 3), the computer 97 will determine which sections of the custom-moulded ear-plug unit must have what characteristics in terms of flexibility, pliability, compressibility etc. As mentioned above, the output end of the computer 97 controls the production process 99, and preferably the production process referred to in chapter 1) as the technique of choice. 

1. A hearing device comprising: a one-part shell member forming at least a portion of an outer surface and of an inner surface towards an inner space of said device, said shell member forming a channel out of the material of said shell member, said channel being formed in and along said shell member embedded in said shell member over at least a major portion of the length of said channel over said major portion following a contour of said outer surface; and at least one of an acoustical/electrical converter and an electrical/acoustical converter including an acoustical input or output, respectively, wherein said input or output is acoustically linked to a coupling opening via said channel forming an acoustic path from said input or output to said coupling opening at an outer surface of said device and adapted to be exposed to ambient or an ear canal of an individual wearing said hearing device but not both, and further wherein said channel is tuned to have specific acoustical characteristics.
 2. A hearing device comprising an acoustical/electrical converter with an acoustical input being linked by means of a channel to a coupling opening arrangement exclusively at an outer surface of said device adapted to be exposed to ambient when an individual wears said hearing device, said device having a unitary shell member forming said outer surface and defining an inner space distinct from said channel, said channel being a part of said shell member formed by and embedded in the material of said shell member along a major portion of the length of said channel provided in and along said shell member with the major portion of said length following a contour of said outer surface.
 3. A hearing device comprising: a one-part shell member forming at least a portion of an outer surface and of an inner surface towards an inner space of said device, said shell member forming a channel out of the material of said shell member, said channel being formed in and along said shell member embedded in said shell member over at least a major portion of the length of said channel, said major portion of said channel following a contour of said outer surface; an electrical/acoustical converter including an acoustical output, wherein an acoustic path is formed from said output to a coupling opening in said shell member and comprises said channel.
 4. The device as in claim 2, 1 or 3, characterized in that, over its length, the channel features varying cross-sectional dimensions or shapes.
 5. The device as in claim 2, or 3, characterized in that a matching stub line serving for the tuning of the acoustic transmission properties between the coupling opening and the input extends into said channel and is itself bounded by the material of the shell member.
 6. The device as in one of the claims 2, or 3, characterized in that, over at least a substantial segment of its length, the channel extends essentially parallel to the outer surface of the device.
 7. The device as in one of the claims 2, or 3, characterized in that the device is a custom-molded hearing aid.
 8. The device as in one of claims 2, or 3, characterized in that the device is a custom-molded, in-the-ear hearing aid and that the channel is part of a venting system for the ear drum.
 9. The device as in one of the claims 2, or 3, further comprising another channel, characterized in that at least certain segments of said channels extend in parallel fashion.
 10. The hearing device of claim 3, wherein said acoustic path from said output to said coupling opening is exclusively at an outer surface of said device and is adapted to be exposed to an ear canal of an individual wearing said hearing device.
 11. The hearing device of claim 3, wherein said acoustical output is linked to said channel directly, or via a conduit directly linked to said acoustical output and also directly linked to said channel.
 12. The hearing device of claim 2, wherein an acoustic path is formed from said input to said coupling opening entirely in said shell member using said channel, whereby said output is acoustically linked to said coupling opening via said channel along at least some portion of said acoustic path.
 13. The hearing device of claim 2, wherein said acoustical input is linked to said channel directly, or via a conduit directly linked to said input and directly linked to said channel.
 14. The hearing device of claim 1, wherein said input or output is acoustically linked to the coupling opening via said channel by forming an acoustic path from said input or output to said coupling opening exclusively at an outer surface of said device. 